Have the extent of cellular effects been clearly determined?

Many research studies have reported cellular effects, based on experiments using specific cell strains or consideration of cells in test animals. Also, it is well known that radiation can damage DNA. If radiation causes breaks in several locations, the cell can die or inadequately repaired cells can become mutant. These effects can cause cancer inside organisms. Most single-strand breaks are fully repaired and even double-strand breaks in one location are mostly restored to their original state.